Unbiased mechanical cloaks

Fernando Vasconcelos Senhora, Emily D. Sanders, and Glaucio H. Paulino

The distinction between “reinforcement” and “cloaking” has been overlooked in optimization-based design of devices intended to conceal a defect in an elastic medium. In the former, a so-called “cloak” is severely biased toward one or a few specific elastic disturbances, whereas in the latter, an “unbiased cloak” is effective under any elastic disturbance. We propose a two-stage approach for optimization-based design of elastostatic cloaks that targets true, unbiased cloaks. First, we perform load-case optimization to find a finite set of worst-case design loads and, afterwards, we perform topology optimization of the cloak microstructure under these worst-case loads using an energy mismatch objective, which constitutes a judicious choice of the objective function. Although a small subset of the infinite load cases that the cloak must handle, these highly non-intuitive, worst-case loads lead to designs that approach perfect and unbiased elastostatic cloaking. In demonstration, we consider elastic media composed of spinodal architected materials, which provides an ideal testbed for exploring elastostatic cloaks in media with varying anisotropy and porosity, without sacrificing manufacturability. To numerically verify the universal nature of our cloaks, we compare the elastic response of the medium containing the cloaked defect to that of the undisturbed medium under many random load cases not considered during design. By using digital light processing additive manufacturing to realize the elastic media containing cloaked defects and analyzing their response experimentally using compression testing with digital image correlation, this study serves as a physical demonstration of elastostatic cloaking of a three-dimensional defect in a three-dimensional medium.

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